Abstract We explored the construction of subjectivities in the research field of mathematics in Chile. This study is based on 11 focus groups -seven mixed and four with women- with mathematicians from different regions of the country. The results illuminate two intertwined dimensions of this phenomenon. On the one hand, we distinguish three senses of the notion of strangeness that articulate the construction of subjectivities of women mathematicians: disciplinary, statistical, and normative. On the other hand, we contribute to understanding how these forms of strangeness are linked to the reproduction of sexist discourses that make them invisible as occupants of prestigious positions, while they make them visible according to stereotyped forms of femininity. Using the theory of ambivalent sexism, we suggest that these discourses are articulated in benevolent and hostile ways around three stereotypical figures: helplessness, motherhood, and object of male desire. We propose that ambiguous forms of expression contribute to perpetuating the sexist structures of the field. These findings contribute to the analysis of the research field of mathematics from a gender perspective.

Resumen Exploramos los procesos de construcción de subjetividades generizadas en el campo de investigación en matemáticas en Chile. Este estudio se basa en 11 grupos focales -siete mixtos y cuatro de mujeres- con matemáticas y matemáticos de distintas regiones del país. Los resultados iluminan dos dimensiones entrelazadas de este fenómeno. Por una parte, distinguimos tres sentidos de la noción de extrañeza que articulan la construcción de subjetividades de mujeres matemáticas: disciplinar, estadística y normativa. Por otra parte, profundizamos en la comprensión de cómo estas formas de extrañeza se vinculan con la reproducción de discursos sexistas que las invisibilizan como ocupantes de posiciones de prestigio, al mismo tiempo que las visibilizan según formas estereotipadas de feminidad. Aplicando la teoría del sexismo ambivalente, sugerimos que estos discursos se articulan de maneras benevolentes y hostiles en torno a tres figuras estereotipadas: indefensión, maternidad, y objeto de deseo masculino. Proponemos que modalidades ambiguas de expresión colaboran a perpetuar las estructuras sexistas del campo. Estos hallazgos contribuyen al análisis del campo de la investigación en matemáticas desde una perspectiva de género.

Abstract Background: Psoriasis and periodontitis are immunologically mediated chronic inflammatory diseases. Epidemiologic evidence has linked both; however, the change of markers in gingival crevicular fluid has been poorly evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9 in gingival crevicular fluid of psoriatic and healthy subjects with and without periodontitis and their relations to psoriasis severity. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Sample comprised the following groups: healthy controls without periodontitis or with mild periodontitis (n = 21), healthy controls with moderate or severe periodontitis (n = 18), individuals with psoriasis without or mild periodontitis (n = 11), and individuals with psoriasis and moderate or severe periodontitis (n = 32). Levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, S100A8, and S100A9 were determined by multiplex assay and S100A7 was measured by ELISA. Results: No inter-group differences in the levels of IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, and S100A7 were found. S100A8 levels were higher in psoriatic patients than controls (p < 0.05). S100A8 was positively correlated with psoriasis severity in the group with psoriasis (p < 0.05). S100A9 exceeded the detection limits. Study limitations: This pilot study presents a small sample size. Conclusions: The concentrations of S100A8 were highest in psoriatic patients regardless of periodontal health/status. S100A8 was associated with the severity of psoriasis. The concentrations of interleukins and S100A7 were similar in psoriatic patients with or without periodontitis vs. healthy controls.

Abstract The Cabildo Abierto was one of the local government’s mechanisms introduced to America by the Spaniards in the 16th Century. This paper shows the validity the Cabildo Abierto maintained in Arequipa City, Viceroyalty of Peru, by the end of the 18th Century, as it was used by the Corregidor to obtain support from the elites and, later, by the Intendente to raise money. It also points out the transformations the Cabildo Abierto experienced during the Hispanic Monarchy Crisis, at a time when it was organized with political-military purposes. The disappearance of these town meetings, after the restoration of the Absolutist System, was the result of mistrust between viceregal and Arequipa authorities, which caused the implementation of an increasingly exclusive local government.

Resumen El cabildo abierto fue uno de los mecanismos de gobierno local introducido en América por los españoles en el siglo XVI. En este artículo demuestro la vigencia que mantuvo este mecanismo en la ciudad de Arequipa, en el Virreinato de Perú, a fines del siglo XVIII; siendo utilizado por los corregidores para obtener el respaldo de las élites y luego por los intendentes para recaudar dinero. Además, señalo las transformaciones que experimentó durante la crisis de la Monarquía Hispánica, cuando el cabildo abierto fue convocado con fines político-militares. La desaparición de este tipo de asambleas públicas tras la restauración del sistema absolutista fue resultado de la desconfianza entre autoridades virreinales y arequipeñas, lo que se tradujo en la implementación de un gobierno local cada vez más excluyente.

Monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins, defined as biological drugs, have modified the natural history of numerous immune-mediated disorders, allowing the development of therapies aimed at blocking the pathophysiological pathways of the disease, providing greater efficacy and safety than conventional treatment strategies. Virtually all therapeutic proteins elicit an immune response, producing anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against hypervariable regions of immunoglobulins. Immunogenicity against biological drugs can alter their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, thereby reducing the efficacy of these drugs. In more severe cases, ADAs can neutralize the therapeutic effects of the drug or cause serious adverse effects, mainly hypersensitivity reactions. The prevalence of ADAs varies widely depending on the type of test used, occurrence of false-negative results, and non-specific binding to the drug, making it difficult to accurately assess their clinical impact. Concomitant use of immunosuppressors efficiently reduces the immunogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, either by decreasing the frequency of detectable ADAs or by delaying their appearance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of biological therapies. Among the new therapeutic strategies for the management of psoriasis, biological agents have gained increasing importance in recent years as they interrupt key inflammation pathways involved in the physiopathology of the disease. Reports regarding ADA in new biologics are still scarce, but the most recent evidence tends to show little impact on the clinical response to the drug, even with prolonged treatment. It is therefore essential to standardize laboratory tests to determine the presence and titles of ADAs to establish their administration and management guidelines that allow the determination of the real clinical impact of these drugs.

Abstract: Based upon an extensive revision of archival sources as well as of the Annual Reports (Memorias) of Chile’s Indian Protectorate (Protectorado de Indígenas), this paper proposes to study the mediators and socio-linguistic mediation practices employed by the institutions responsible for the settlement and relocation of the Mapuche people after their defeat under Chilean occupation forces (1894-1930). These institutions were the Protectorado –agency in charge of the legal defense of the Mapuche– and the Comisión de Radicación –which established the land to which a Mapuche family group could be entitled and drafted the entitlement (Título de Merced). The Protectorado had offices in five provinces south of the Biobío river (Arauco, Malleco, Cautín, Valdivia and Llanquihue), with a staff composed of interpreters, secretaries, engineers, assistants and the protectors themselves, usually lawyers. The Protectorado and the Comisión became the government’s judiciary agencies applying the Indian settlement laws and procedures to force the Mapuche population to live in a system akin to reservations (comunidades). They were thus the agencies closest to the indigenous needs and demands during this period. Three characters were key to socio-linguistic mediation required by these agencies: the formal interpreters, officially called “portero-intérprete” as they acted also as janitors, the informal “tinterillos” (pettifoggers) of Mapuche origin, and the “lenguaraces”, mediators of mixed origin, a version of the old frontier military interpreters. All of them had a role in the bureaucratic and judiciary processes administered by the State’s tutelary regime of occupation. We intend to show that the study of these institutions can shed some light into the practices of linguistic contact, translation, communication and mediation, bilingualism and the eventual imposition of Spanish as the dominant language during the difficult period in which the Mapuche society strove to preserve the rights to their lands confronting the Chilean and foreign colonization.

Resumen: A partir de la revisión de varios fondos de archivo y de las Memorias anuales de los Protectores de Indígenas, proponemos el estudio de los sujetos y las prácticas de mediación sociolingüística en las instituciones encargadas del proceso de radicación de los mapuches en comunidades (1894-1930), especialmente en el Protectorado de Indígenas, encargado de la defensa jurídica de los mapuches a los que la Comisión de Radicación “otorgaba” tierras por medio de los Títulos de Merced. El Protectorado de Indígenas llegó a tener cinco oficinas (en las provincias de Arauco, Malleco, Cautín, Valdivia y Llanquihue), y un sinnúmero de funcionarios como intérpretes, escribanos, ingenieros, mozos y los mismos abogados protectores. El Protectorado y la Comisión fueron los aparatos jurídicos estatales encargados de la aplicación de las leyes de radicación y procedimientos de reducción de los mapuche en comunidades, convirtiéndose por lo tanto en las instituciones más directamente vinculadas a las necesidades y demandas mapuche del periodo comprendido entre los años 1894 y 1930. En torno a estas instituciones, identificamos tres figuras de la mediación sociolingüística: los funcionarios públicos llamados “portero-intérpretes”, los mapuches letrados que se desempeñan en forma independiente como “tinterillos”, y losmapuche o mestizos que actualizan el desempeño de los antiguos “lenguaraces” de la frontera. Todos ellos se vincularon a los procesos jurídicos y administrativos gestionados por el Estado en el régimen tutelar de ocupación. Por eso estas instituciones nos parecen instancias clave para estudiar y entender las prácticas de contacto y mediación lingüísticas, el bilingüismo y la castellanización, la traducción y la interacción comunicativa, en un proceso tan difícil para la sociedad mapuche como el de la defensa de su derecho al territorio ante el avance de la colonización chilena y extranjera.

Resumo: Com base em um estudo de caso, este artigo avança na compreensão dos mecanismos específicos que canalizam os processos de subjetivação no contexto das políticas públicas para promover estilos de vida saudáveis. Analisa a operação do Programa Vida Sana, implementado pelo Governo do Chile, no âmbito do Sistema Escolha Uma Vida Saudável, por meio de entrevistas com beneficiários e a professora responsável pelas sessões de atividade física do programa em um distrito de Santiago. Sua análise sugere a convivência de uma racionalidade de escolha, que tradicionalmente tem sido identificada com o discurso da vida ativa, com uma racionalidade que enfatiza o cuidado mútuo entre os membros de uma comunidade. Propõe-se que isso tenha implicações teóricas para a compreensão das políticas públicas de esportes e saúde como forma de governo através da comunidade.

Abstract: Based on a case study, this article advances in understanding the concrete mechanisms that channel subjectivation processes in the context of public policies to promote healthy lifestyles. It analyzes the operation of the Vida Sana Program, implemented by the Government of Chile within the framework of the Choose Healthy Living System, through interviews with beneficiaries and the teacher responsible for the program’s physical activity sessions in a district of Santiago. Its analysis suggests the coexistence of a rationality of choice, which has traditionally been identified with the discourse of active life, with a rationality that emphasizes mutual care among members of a community. The study proposes that it has theoretical implications for understanding sports and health public policies as a form of governing through community.

Resumen: Basado en un estudio de caso, este artículo avanza en la comprensión de los mecanismos concretos que encauzan procesos de subjetivación en el contexto de políticas públicas de promoción de estilos de vida saludable. Analiza el funcionamiento del Programa Vida Sana, implementado por el Gobierno de Chile en el marco del Sistema Elige Vivir Sano, por medio de entrevistas a beneficiarias y a la profesora responsable de las sesiones de actividad física del programa en una localidad de Santiago. Su análisis sugiere la coexistencia de una racionalidad de la elección, que tradicionalmente ha sido identificada con el discurso de la vida activa, con una racionalidad que enfatiza el cuidado mutuo entre los miembros de una comunidad. Se propone que esto tiene implicancias teóricas para la comprensión de las políticas públicas deportivas y de salud como forma de gobierno por medio de la comunidad.

Resumen: A partir del estudio de un programa de teleneurología implementado en Biobío, Chile, este artículo analiza las lógicas que articulan el trabajo moral de la medicina a distancia. Desde un enfoque pragmático informado por la semiótica material, la teoría de la subjetivación y la sociología de la moralidad, este artículo analiza tres lógicas que dan sentido a prácticas de valuación del programa de teleneurología. Ellas son desplegadas por actores que desempeñan roles distintos, generando puntos de tensión y encauzando la constante evolución de los entramados sociomateriales en que se realiza el cuidado de salud. Una lógica cívico industrial fundamenta discursos públicos que destacan la reducción de las listas de espera de especialidad como prueba de valor del programa de telemedicina. Desde una lógica de la seguridad, en tanto, personal médico prioriza la adopción de estándares que, orientados a controlar los riesgos implicados en la realización de medicina a distancia, son tenidos como válidos por una comunidad profesional. Por su parte, adoptando una lógica del cuidado, pacientes y médicos generales enfatizan el despliegue de prácticas orientadas a atender la situación particular que experimenta cada paciente. Se propone que reconocer las lógicas que distintos actores puedan adoptar para otorgar valor a las prácticas de cuidado de salud puede favorecer la comprensión, anticipación y resolución de las tensiones que emergen con la implementación de tecnologías de salud digital y telemedicina.

Abstract: Based on the study of a teleneurology program implemented in Biobío, Chile, this article analyses the logics that articulate the moral work of medicine at a distance. From a pragmatic approach informed by material semiotics, the theory of subjectivisation and the sociology of morality, this article analyses three logics that give meaning to practices of valuation of the teleneurology program. These are deployed by actors who play different roles, generating points of tension, and channeling the constant evolution of the socio-material networks in which health care is performed. A civic industrial logic underpins public discourses that highlight the reduction of waiting lists as proof of the value of the telemedicine program. From a safety logic, meanwhile, medical staff prioritizes the adoption of standards that, aimed at controlling the risks involved in the realisation of medicine remotely, are held as valid by a professional community. For their part, adopting logic of care, patients and general practitioners emphasize the deployment of practices aimed at attending the particular situation experienced by each patient. It is proposed that recognizing the logics that different actors may adopt when giving value to health care practices can promote understanding, anticipating and solving the tensions that arise with the implementation of digital health technologies and telemedicine.

Resumo: Com base no estudo de um programa de teleneurologia implementado em Biobío, Chile, este artigo analisa as lógicas que articulam o trabalho moral da medicina à distância. A partir de uma abordagem pragmática informada pela semiótica material, a teoria da subjetivação e a sociologia da moralidade, este artigo analisa três lógicas que dão sentido às práticas de valorização do programa de teleneurologia. Eles são implantados por atores que desempenham diferentes papéis, gerando pontos de estresse e canalizando a constante evolução dos tecidos sociomateriais nos quais os cuidados de saúde são realizados. Uma lógica cívica industrial apoia discursos públicos que destacam o declínio das listas de espera de especialidade como prova de valor do programa de telemedicina. A partir de uma lógica de segurança, entretanto, a equipe médica prioriza a adoção de padrões que, visando controlar os riscos envolvidos na realização da medicina remotamente, são mantidos como válidos por uma comunidade profissional. Por sua vez, adotar uma lógica de cuidado, pacientes e clínicos gerais enfatizam a implantação de práticas voltadas ao atendimento da situação particular vivenciada por cada paciente. Propõe-se que o reconhecimento das lógicas que diferentes atores podem adotar para valorizar as práticas de saúde pode promover a compreensão, antecipação e resolução das tensões que surgem com a implementação das tecnologias de saúde digital e telemedicina.

Chronic urticaria (CU) is characterized by itchy wheals, angioedema or both lasting six weeks or more. It is classified as spontaneous (CSU) and inducible urticaria (CIndU), depending whether there is an identifiable trigger or not. CSU is the predominant form, affecting more than 75% of patients, although overlaps often occur. The prevalence of CSU throughout life is around 1.8% and predominates in women at a ratio of 2:1. The higher incidence of CSU is between 20 and 40 years of age and lasts between one to five years. However, in up to 20% of patients the disease may last longer. CSU not only hampers quality of life, but also affect performance at work and school. The diagnosis of CSU is mainly clinical, and laboratory tests are required depending on the clinical history of the patient. Extensive laboratory tests are usually unnecessary. Second generation anti-histamines are used as first line treatment for CSU treatment. In refractory patients, systemic treatments, such as cyclosporine or omalizumab are suggested. We herein report the first Chilean CSU guidelines.

Abstract: Erythrodermic psoriasis is a rare but severe type of psoriasis that may be triggered by human immunodeficiency virus infection. We describe the case of a 65-year-old male patient with chronic psoriasis who presents an exacerbation of his condition over a period of two weeks. Because of the severity of his case and subsequent need for systemic therapy, human immunodeficiency virus enzyme immunoassay was performed and tested positive. He thus began antiretroviral therapy combined with acitretin, showing good clinical response after 8 weeks of treatment. There is little evidence regarding the management of erythrodermic psoriasis associated with HIV infection, so antiretroviral therapy and systemic retinoid remain as the first-line treatment.

Abstract This article establishes a sociological theoretical framework that gives sense to the way art museums respond to problems of access and social inclusion. It assumes the theories of differentiation and social exclusion developed by Niklas Luhmann in the broader framework of his theory of social systems. An art museum in Chile was analyzed, based on in-depth interviews with individuals located in different positions in the organization. Confirming previous studies by Paul J. DiMaggio, the article observes that an art museum in Chile has generated internal organizational coalitions, each of which gives meaning to the museum’s visitors in a different manner. Applying the theory of social systems, these coalitions are explained by reference to three aspects of a social system of art: a) how it generates a memory of its own, b) how it defines rules for participation, and c) how it is affected by problems of social exclusion that are characteristic of a functionally differentiated society. These coalitions differ from each other with regard to the “patterns of causal attribution” that their members assume when explaining the number of visitors that the museum receives.

Resumen Este artículo busca delinear un marco teórico sociológico que otorgue sentido al modo en que los museos de arte responden a problemas de acceso y de inclusión social. Para ello asume la teoría de la diferenciación y la exclusión social desarrollada por Niklas Luhmann en el marco más general de su teoría de sistemas sociales. Se analizó el caso de un museo artístico ubicado en Chile, basándose en la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a personas ubicadas en las distintas posiciones de la organización. Confirmando estudios previos realizados por Paul J. DiMaggio, se observa que un museo de artes en Chile, ha generado coaliciones organizacionales internas, cada una de las cuales da sentido a los públicos del museo de un modo distinto. Usando la teoría de sistemas sociales, estas coaliciones son explicadas por alusión a tres aspectos de un sistema social del arte: a) cómo genera una memoria propia, b) cómo define condiciones de participación, y c) cómo se ve afectado por problemas de exclusión social característicos de una sociedad funcionalmente diferenciada. Tales coaliciones difieren entre sí respecto a los “esquemas de atribución causal” que adoptan para explicar la cantidad de público que el museo recibe.

Andean painting, as a characteristic form of colonial art in the central Andes, constituted an art that was primarily symbolic. Surrounding hierophantic symbols, a medium for the reproduction of the operation of ornamentation was made available in which the exploration of the fundamental structure of the medium of meaning was put at the service of the observation of the transcendental dimension of reality. As a structure of intercultural communication, this mode of organization of communication through images made possible the occurrence of processes of iconographic and stylistic syncretism, which have been the main object of interest in the social history of colonial Andean painting.

La pintura andina, como forma característica del arte colonial en los Andes centrales, constituyó un caso de arte primariamente simbólico. En los contornos de la forma de símbolos hierofánticos operaba un medio en el cual la exploración de la estructura fundamental del sentido por medio de la operación de ornamentación se ponía al servicio de la observación de la dimensión trascendente de la realidad. A modo de una estructura de comunicación intercultural, esta forma de organización de la comunicación por medio de imágenes hizo posible que se dieran sincretismos iconográficos y estilísticos, los cuales han sido el principal objeto de interés de la historia social de la pintura andina.